In the scientific debate, called Questione Ladina, started by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, the model of categorizing Romance languages or dialects in the Alps has been widely discussed. The main question is, if Rumantsch, Ladin and Friulan form a proper language sub-family or if they should rather be considered as part of a much wider northern Italian dialect continuum.

(© wikipedia, Sajoch)

Rumantsch

Nowadays, Rumantsch is spoken in a limited part of the canton of Grisons. Rumantsch is an umbrella term, covering a group of closely related dialects spoken in southern Switzerland and all belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance language family. These dialects include five different varieties:

• Sursilvan (meaning “above the forest”), spoken in the valley Vorderrhein, with Val Lumnezia, Foppa and Cadi.
• Sutsilvan (meaning “below the forest”) spoken in the Hinterrhein valley, with Plaun, Heinzenberg, Domleschg and Schams.
• Surmiran (meaning “above the wall”), spoken in the Julia and Albula valleys, with Surses and Sutses.
• Puter (this name probably comes from a nickname derived from put “porridge”, meaning “porridge-eaters”), spoken in the Upper Engadine (Engiadin Ota) valley, west of Zernez. ´
• Vallader (derives from “valley”), spoken in the Upper Engadine valley (Engiadina Bassa) and the Val Müstair.

In the Val Bregaglia, people speak a variety of Lombard, and speakers use Italian as their written language, even if the dialect is similar to Putèr.

Rumantsch became a national language of Switzerland only in 1938. Even if a distinction between „national languages“ and „official languages“ was introduced, the status of a national language was more symbolic. Only official languages had to be used in official documents, and these languages were German, French and Italian.

After a referendum on March 10, 1996, Rumantsch was recognized as a partial official language of Switzerland (Art. 70 of the Federal Constitution). German, French, Italian and Rhaeto-Rumantsch are national languages of Switzerland.

(© Wikipedia. Tschubby)

•  green: Municipalities which have introduced Rumantsch Grischun as the language of instruction
•  light red: Municipalities which use a regional variety as the language of instruction
•  red:  Municipalities which had introduced Rumantsch Grischun, but have since decided to revert to a regional variety

All Rumantsch speakers are bilingual in Rumantsch and Germand today. Monolongual Rumantsch speakers can only be found among pre-school children. As Rumantsch linguist Ricarda Liver writes: “Whereas the cliché of the bearded, sock-knitting Alpine shepherd who speaks and understands only Romansh, may still have been a reality here and there fifty years ago, there are nowadays no adult Romansh who do not possess a bilingual competence.” [cfr. Ricarda Liver, Rätoromanisch – Eine Einführung in das Bündnerromanische, 1999,  Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p.67; the original quote is in German: “Während vor fünfzig Jahren das Cliché des bärtigen, strümpfestrickenden Alphirten, der nur rätoromanisch spricht und versteht, noch da und dort Realität sein mochte, gibt es heute keine erwachsenen Rätoromanen mehr, die nicht über eine bilinguale Sprachkompetenz verfügten.”]

Gudench Barblan (1860-1916) A la lingua materna

Chara lingua da la mamma,
tü sonor rumantsch ladin,
tü favella dutscha, lamma,
oh, co t’am eu sainza fin!
In teis suns, cur eir’in chüna
M’ha la mamma charezzà,
E chanzuns da l’Engiadina
In l’uraglia m’ha chantà.

Dear language of the mother,
You Romansh sound of the Engadine,
you sweet, soft speech,
oh, how I love you endlessly!
In your sounds, when I was in the cradle
Did my mother love me,
and songs of the Engadine
sang into the ear.

You can find the audio sample of this poem and those of the fable The Fox and the Crow in the six dialects of Rumantsch on this site, where you have also a much more detailed explanation of the linguistic situation of Rumantsch in the canton of Grison.

Rumantsch Grischun

Rumantsch Grischun is an artificial written language  introduced in 1982  by the linguist Heinrich Schmid and Bernard Carthomas (from the Lia Rumantscha). They combined the idioms of the Vallader, the Surmiran and the Sursilvan varieties, trying to find the major similarities among these three dialects. – Before the introduction of the official written form of Rumantsch Grischun in 2003, books for pupils in public schools were printed in the five different idioms.

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• The Swiss Italian (expatsincebirth.com)
• Why “Switzerland”? (expatsincebirth.com)
• The “Suisse romand” (expatsincebirth.com)
• Romansh Grischun (virtuallinguist.typepad.com)
• The Swiss German (expatsincebirth.com)

(© wikipedia, Marco Zanoli)

Switzerland is a multilingual country with four national languages: German, French, Italian and Rumantsch (you can find it transcribed also as Romansh, Romansch, Rhaeto-Romanic or Rhaeto-Romance etc.). But only German, French and Italian maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation.

According to the federal census of 2000, 63.7% of the Swiss population speaks German, 20.4% French, 6.5% Italian, 0.5% Rumantsch and 9.0% speaks other languages.

People talk German in the German Region (Deutschschweiz) that would be northern, central and eastern Switzerland. In the Romandie (French Region), in western Switzerland, people speak mainly French, whereas Italian is spoken in the Svizzera Italiana, the Italian Region in southern Switzerland. Rumantsch is the native language of the population in Graubünden (Grisons) in southeastern Switzerland.

The cantons of Fribourg, Bern and Valais are officially bilingual (French-German), whereas Graubünden is officially trilingual (Rumantsch-German-Italian).

Why is Switzerland multilingual?

The Swiss do not form a single ethnic group, they are a confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica: CH).

Historically, the Swiss derive from an amalgamation of Gaulish or Gallo-Roman, Alemannic and Raetic stock.

In the German speaking region (Deutschschweiz) we find the Alemannic German, historically amalgamated from the Gallo-Roman population and the Alemannii and Burgundii, including subgroups like the Walser. The term „Swiss“ from the 16th and 18th centuries referred to this group exclusively and only with the expansion of the Swiss confederation following the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) the term was applied to non-Alemannic territories. Closely related German speaking people are the inhabitants of Alsace, Vorarlberg and the Swabians.

In the French speaking region (Romandie) people speak Franco-Provençal dialects. Today these dialects are assimilated to the standard Swiss French and amalgamated from the Gallo-Roman population and Burgundians (the historical Upper Burgundy). These dialects are closely related to the French (especially those of Franche-Comté).

In the Svizzera Italiana, people speak a variety of the Lombard language,Ticinese, partly assimilated to the standard Swiss Italian language, amalgamated from Raetians and Lombards. They are closely related to the Italian regions of Lombardy and Piedmont.

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