In the scientific debate, called Questione Ladina, started by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, the model of categorizing Romance languages or dialects in the Alps has been widely discussed. The main question is, if Rumantsch, Ladin and Friulan form a proper language sub-family or if they should rather be considered as part of a much wider northern Italian dialect continuum.

(© wikipedia, Sajoch)

Rumantsch

Nowadays, Rumantsch is spoken in a limited part of the canton of Grisons. Rumantsch is an umbrella term, covering a group of closely related dialects spoken in southern Switzerland and all belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance language family. These dialects include five different varieties:

• Sursilvan (meaning “above the forest”), spoken in the valley Vorderrhein, with Val Lumnezia, Foppa and Cadi.
• Sutsilvan (meaning “below the forest”) spoken in the Hinterrhein valley, with Plaun, Heinzenberg, Domleschg and Schams.
• Surmiran (meaning “above the wall”), spoken in the Julia and Albula valleys, with Surses and Sutses.
• Puter (this name probably comes from a nickname derived from put “porridge”, meaning “porridge-eaters”), spoken in the Upper Engadine (Engiadin Ota) valley, west of Zernez. ´
• Vallader (derives from “valley”), spoken in the Upper Engadine valley (Engiadina Bassa) and the Val Müstair.

In the Val Bregaglia, people speak a variety of Lombard, and speakers use Italian as their written language, even if the dialect is similar to Putèr.

Rumantsch became a national language of Switzerland only in 1938. Even if a distinction between „national languages“ and „official languages“ was introduced, the status of a national language was more symbolic. Only official languages had to be used in official documents, and these languages were German, French and Italian.

After a referendum on March 10, 1996, Rumantsch was recognized as a partial official language of Switzerland (Art. 70 of the Federal Constitution). German, French, Italian and Rhaeto-Rumantsch are national languages of Switzerland.

(© Wikipedia. Tschubby)

•  green: Municipalities which have introduced Rumantsch Grischun as the language of instruction
•  light red: Municipalities which use a regional variety as the language of instruction
•  red:  Municipalities which had introduced Rumantsch Grischun, but have since decided to revert to a regional variety

All Rumantsch speakers are bilingual in Rumantsch and Germand today. Monolongual Rumantsch speakers can only be found among pre-school children. As Rumantsch linguist Ricarda Liver writes: “Whereas the cliché of the bearded, sock-knitting Alpine shepherd who speaks and understands only Romansh, may still have been a reality here and there fifty years ago, there are nowadays no adult Romansh who do not possess a bilingual competence.” [cfr. Ricarda Liver, Rätoromanisch – Eine Einführung in das Bündnerromanische, 1999,  Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p.67; the original quote is in German: “Während vor fünfzig Jahren das Cliché des bärtigen, strümpfestrickenden Alphirten, der nur rätoromanisch spricht und versteht, noch da und dort Realität sein mochte, gibt es heute keine erwachsenen Rätoromanen mehr, die nicht über eine bilinguale Sprachkompetenz verfügten.”]

Gudench Barblan (1860-1916) A la lingua materna

Chara lingua da la mamma,
tü sonor rumantsch ladin,
tü favella dutscha, lamma,
oh, co t’am eu sainza fin!
In teis suns, cur eir’in chüna
M’ha la mamma charezzà,
E chanzuns da l’Engiadina
In l’uraglia m’ha chantà.

Dear language of the mother,
You Romansh sound of the Engadine,
you sweet, soft speech,
oh, how I love you endlessly!
In your sounds, when I was in the cradle
Did my mother love me,
and songs of the Engadine
sang into the ear.

You can find the audio sample of this poem and those of the fable The Fox and the Crow in the six dialects of Rumantsch on this site, where you have also a much more detailed explanation of the linguistic situation of Rumantsch in the canton of Grison.

Rumantsch Grischun

Rumantsch Grischun is an artificial written language  introduced in 1982  by the linguist Heinrich Schmid and Bernard Carthomas (from the Lia Rumantscha). They combined the idioms of the Vallader, the Surmiran and the Sursilvan varieties, trying to find the major similarities among these three dialects. – Before the introduction of the official written form of Rumantsch Grischun in 2003, books for pupils in public schools were printed in the five different idioms.

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(©wikipedia, Savoyerli)

The Suisse romande or Romandie is the French speaking part of western Switzerland. It inlcudes the cantons of Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, western Valais, Vaud and the northern part of Berne (cfr. Jura Bernois or the Bernese Jura).

People in the Romandie speak the Suisse romand, a variety of French, not to be confused with the Franco-Provençal/Arpitan (also spoken in this region) or Rumantsch (spoken in the Grisons).

Swiss French differs from the Parisian French in its intonation and vocabulary. Nowadays, a French speaker encounters some unfamiliar words when listening to a Swiss French speaker.

The Romandie doesn’t have one standardized Swiss French language: every canton uses a different vocabulary, mainly derived from the local regional language or even from German.

Here are a few examples about how the French of the Romandie differs from the standard French:

Some distinctive lexical features, that the Suisse Romand shares with the Belgian French are the use of the word septante for seventy, nonate for ninety in opposition to the soixante-dix (literally „sixty-ten“) and quatre-vingt-dix („four twenties-ten“) of the vigesimal French counting system. Also the definition of the meals are different: the word déjeuner is used for breakfast (that would be „lunch“ in French, which uses petit déjeuner for breakfast) and dîner for „lunch“ and souper for „dinner“ (in French these would be déjeuner and dîner respectively).

Instead of quatre-vingt („four twenties“ for „eighty“), used in French and Belgian French, the Swiss French uses huitante, especially in the cantons of Vaud, Valais and Fribourg. When you look for a post office in France, you would ask for a boite postale (BP), whereas in Switzerland, you would ask for a case postale (CP)…

[source 1=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_French” language=”:”][/source]

In Switzerland, after the French Revolution,  people thought that children had to learn French and not Patois. Today, 90% of the Swiss French is the same in all the regions and only in one little village, Evolène in the canton of Valais, children still learn their Patois… (Important documentation for the Patois is the Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande).

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